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What Is the Illicit Process Fallacy?
An illicit process fallacy occurs in a categorical syllogism when a term is used more broadly in the conclusion than it was in the premises. The conclusion makes a claim about all members of a category when the premises only discussed some.
Also known as Illicit Major/Minor, this is a formal fallacy — the error is in the logical structure of the argument itself.
How to Spot It
Example
"All dogs are animals. No cats are dogs. Therefore, no cats are animals." The conclusion claims something about all animals based on premises that only discussed dogs.
A Stronger Version
"All dogs are animals. No cats are dogs. Therefore, cats and dogs are different types of animals — but cats are still animals."
Warning Signs
- A conclusion that's broader than the premises support
- Terms distributed in the conclusion but not in the premises
- Universal conclusions from particular premises
- Category errors in formal arguments
How to Fix It
Check whether your conclusion claims something about an entire category when your premises only discussed part of it. A conclusion can never be broader than what the premises establish.
Paste your text above to scan for illicit process fallacy patterns and other reasoning errors. Each flagged passage includes an explanation and a suggestion for making the argument stronger.
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Try our grammar checker to catch errors automatically, or use the paraphrasing tool to improve sentence clarity.