Mother to Son Study Guide

Langston Hughes (1902-1967) was a seminal figure in the Harlem Renaissance, a cultural movement of the 1920s and 1930s that celebrated African American cultural, artistic, and intellectual contributions. Born in Joplin, Missouri, and raised in various Midwestern towns, Hughes developed a passion for literature early on. He attended Columbia University but left after a year to travel and work various jobs, experiences that profoundly influenced his writing. Hughes’ work spans various genres, including poetry, novels, plays, and essays, and he is particularly known for his insightful, vibrant portrayals of black life in America. His poetry often incorporated the rhythms of jazz and blues, reflecting his deep connection to African American musical traditions.

"Mother to Son," written in 1922 and published in Hughes' first poetry collection, "The Weary Blues" (1926), is a poignant monologue in which a mother imparts wisdom to her son. Through the metaphor of a staircase, she describes the struggles and hardships she has faced, emphasizing resilience and perseverance. The poem is written in vernacular language, capturing the authentic voice of the speaker and underscoring Hughes' commitment to representing the lived experiences of African Americans.

The historical context of "Mother to Son" includes the Great Migration, during which many African Americans moved from the rural South to the urban North in search of better opportunities and to escape Jim Crow laws. Despite these efforts, they often encountered significant social, economic, and racial challenges. Hughes' poem reflects this era's struggles and the enduring spirit of those who faced them. It remains a powerful testament to the resilience and determination of African Americans in the face of adversity.

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