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The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Study Guide

Biography of Thomas S. Kuhn:

Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1922-1996) was an American physicist, historian, and philosopher of science. Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Kuhn earned his bachelor's, master's, and Ph.D. in physics from Harvard University. Initially a physicist, Kuhn turned his focus to the history and philosophy of science during his time as a Harvard Junior Fellow. He held academic positions at Harvard, the University of California, Berkeley, Princeton University, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

Kuhn is best known for his seminal work, "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" (1962), in which he introduced the concept of "paradigm shifts" to describe revolutionary changes in scientific thought. His work significantly influenced the philosophy and sociology of science, challenging the previously dominant view of scientific progress as a linear, cumulative process.

Historical and Literary Context for "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions":

Published during a period of great intellectual ferment in the early 1960s, "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" emerged against the backdrop of post-World War II optimism, the Cold War, and rapid technological advances. The book was part of the "International Encyclopedia of Unified Science," edited by Otto Neurath, Rudolf Carnap, and Charles Morris, which aimed to explore the foundations and methodology of scientific inquiry.

Kuhn's work was revolutionary because it contradicted the then-prevailing logical positivist view, which saw science as a steady, cumulative acquisition of knowledge. Instead, Kuhn argued that scientific fields undergo periodic "paradigm shifts"—fundamental changes in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline. These shifts lead to periods of "normal science," where scientists solve puzzles within an accepted framework, and "scientific revolutions," where the framework itself is questioned and replaced.

"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" resonated with broader intellectual currents of the time, such as the questioning of established authorities and the rise of postmodernism. It influenced a wide range of disciplines beyond science, including sociology, political science, and literary theory.

Kuhn's ideas continue to spark debate and inspire research, solidifying his legacy as one of the most influential thinkers in the philosophy of science.

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