To Build a Fire Study Guide

Jack London: A Concise Biography

Jack London, born John Griffith Chaney on January 12, 1876, in San Francisco, California, is one of America’s most celebrated and prolific writers. Raised in poverty, London worked various jobs from a young age, including as a sailor, laborer, and prospector, experiences that greatly influenced his writing. He developed a passion for literature and self-education, eventually attending the University of California, Berkeley, though he did not graduate.

London's literary career took off with the publication of his short story "An Odyssey of the North" in 1900. He gained widespread fame with novels such as "The Call of the Wild" (1903) and "White Fang" (1906), which are set during the Klondike Gold Rush. Known for his rugged individualism and vivid depictions of nature, London’s works often explore themes of survival, adventure, and the human condition. He died on November 22, 1916, at the age of 40.

Historical and Literary Context for "To Build a Fire"

"To Build a Fire" is a short story by Jack London, first published in 1902 and later revised for a more popular version in 1908. The story is set in the Yukon Territory during the Klondike Gold Rush, a period from 1896 to 1899 when around 100,000 prospectors migrated to the region in search of gold.

The late 19th and early 20th centuries were marked by rapid industrialization and a burgeoning fascination with naturalism in literature. Naturalism, a literary movement influenced by Darwin's theories of evolution, focused on depicting life with a high degree of realism and often emphasized the power of nature over humanity.

In "To Build a Fire," London employs naturalistic themes to illustrate the protagonist's struggle against the unforgiving forces of nature. The story examines human vulnerability, the consequences of hubris, and the indifference of the natural world. Through the protagonist’s fatal journey in the extreme cold, London underscores the importance of respecting nature's power and recognizing human limitations. The story remains a poignant example of naturalist literature and a testament to London's skill in portraying the stark realities of survival.

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